WHO- WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

Disease control in humanitarian emergencies

DENMARK

AFGHANISTAN

CHINA

NIGERIA

BRAZIL

PORTUGAL

SPAIN

INDIA

DELEGATES

DENMARK  

INÊS MACİEL / AGRUPAMENTO DE ESCOLAS DA LİXA, FELGUEİRAS 

Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe bordering the Baltic and the North Sea. The country consists of a large peninsula and many islands referred to as the Danish Archipelago. Neighboring countries include Germany, Norway, and Sweden. Denmark has a strategic location controlling the Danish Straits that link the Baltic and North Seas. The government system is a constitutional monarchy; the chief of state is the queen, and the head of government is the prime minister. Denmark boasts a modern market economy in which the prices of goods and services are determined in a free price system. Denmark is a member of the European Union (EU).

As of 2015, Denmark has a life expectancy of 80.6 years at birth (78.6 for men, 82.5 for women), up from 76.9 years in 2000. This ranks it 27th among 193 nations, behind the other Nordic countries. The National Institute of Public Health of the University of Southern Denmark has calculated 19 major risk factors among Danes that contribute to a lowering of the life expectancy; this includes smoking, alcohol, drug abuse and physical inactivity. Although the obesity rate is lower than in North America and most other European countries, the large number of Danes becoming overweight is an increasing problem and results in an annual additional consumption in the health care system of DKK 1,625 million. In a 2012 study, Denmark had the highest cancer rate of all countries listed by the World Cancer Research Fund International; researchers suggest the reasons are better reporting, but also lifestyle factors like heavy alcohol consumption, smoking and physical inactivity.

INDIA

Private Meram Yöntem Lower Secondary School

India is the seventh largest geographic area and has the second largest population in the world.People are insisting on going out although they know that they should not go out during the corona time. We can’t just rely on the vaccines.Lets check out the corona pandemic process in India ;The first COVID-19 case was detected in India on January 30, 2020. As of May 9, 2020, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has confirmed a total of 59,662 cases, 17,847 recovered and 1981 deaths in the country. The rate of COVID-19 patients in India is 1.7%, which is significantly lower than the countries worst affected by the epidemic. The epidemic was declared an epidemic in more than a dozen states and territories, in which educational institutions and many commercial establishments were closed under the provisions of the 1897 Epidemic Act. India suspended all tourist visas as most of the confirmed cases are linked to other countries. On March 22, 2020, India imposed a 14-hour curfew. The government evaluated the curfew in all major cities as well as in 75 provinces with COVID-19 cases. In addition, on March 24, the prime minister ordered a nationwide stay at home for 21 days.  

On April 14, the prime minister extended the nationwide curfew until May 3. Michael Ryan, executive director of the World Health Organization's health emergencies program, said India has an "enormous capacity" to deal with the coronavirus pandemic and, as the second most populous country, has a tremendous impact on the world's ability to cope with the virus.  Other critics are concerned about the economic collapse caused by the restriction, which has huge implications for workers, micro and small businesses, farmers, and self-employed who lack livelihoods due to lack of transport and access to markets. Observers note that the curfew reduced the pandemic's growth rate by doubling every 6 days until April 6,  and doubling every 8 days until April 18. Big and small everyone should stay at home. According to today’s data 1141 deaths in 24 hours in India. Actually this is a really big problem for India. In the world ranking, it ranks second with 10,567,355 cases, 152,383 deaths.Most people live below the poverty line of 29.8 percent of the population. Not everyone is in a position to be vaccinated, and the population of 1.353 billion explains this.

Afghanistan has a population of approximately 31 million people, making it the 42nd most crowded country in the world. It is situated within the southern region of Asia. Due to its location, it is classified as a land locked country, that is entirely enclosed by land and closed seas; therefore it negatively affects their trade sale goods. Thus, it makes Afghanistan one of the poorest countries in the world.

As Afghanistan is such a poor country, they lack daily basic resources. For example, health facilities, this dramatically affects the health and wellbeing of the entire country. Communicable diseases such as food borne and water borne diseases are rapidly increasing, in which many infectious diseases are prevalent, as a consequence of Plasmodium a single-cell parasitic protozoa is transmitted to humans via the bite of an infected female Anopheles species mosquitoes. This can lead to potentially fatal parasites, rapidly multiplying in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting in symptoms arising from cycles of fevers, chills, severe headaches, vomiting, jaundice and diarrhoea. One major disastrous symptom includes sweats accompanied by anaemia, cause damages to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to the which could result in incurable illness leading to fatal death. In very severe cases it can cause seizures, comas or even death. Symptoms usually present between ten to fifteen days after the initial infection. Unlike other diseases, Malaria can represent in people months or even years later. Death rate is approximately 1%-5% due to the spread of Malaria in Afghanistan, affecting each and everyone.

AFGHANISTAN 

İLBEY SANCAR-YÜKSELEN COLLEGE

Within Afghanistan, the major sources of treatment for Malaria can be accessed in hospitals, through aid stations which include volunteer workers which enter the boarder from around the world and the world famous Human rights organisation United Nation. The first major strategy used to combat Malaria is the use of vector control, where the numbers of mosquitos or mosquito bites are reduced.Because of the low socio-economic state of Afghanistan.

To reduce the excess morbidity and mortality caused by communicable diseases in humanitarian emergencies through the provision of technical and operational support to the WHO Department of Health Action in Crises (HAC), WHO country and regional offices, national authorities, other United Nations agencies, nongovernmental and international organizations, and donor agencies.

Emergency Operations Center (EOC) is a place to provide response to public health emergencies. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)’s EOC was officially established in 2016, which has been the core department for the public health emergencies and risk response. In recent years, we have been continuously improving the function of EOC through many incidents. In the study, we hope to share the construction status, operation management experience of China CDC’s EOC and the response process in the human avian influenza A (H7N9) outbreak.

The China CDC’s EOC mainly focus on building the five core elements including sites/places and facilities, information and data, plans and procedures, training and exercises, and logistics. Based on summarizing previous emergency response, the China CDC’s EOC established its own incident management and the standardized response procedures. The event-specific data, context-specific data and event management data could be obtained through various source. The logistics department of the EOC also provides comprehensive support. The well-trained staff is another necessary conditions for its operation. Through sharing the response process of H7N9 outbreak, it further explains the EOC’s functions in the five phases of outbreak response, such as the formulation of the incident response framework, monitoring, personnel dispatch and resource mobilization.

CHINA 

Kıvanç / Liya  - Erciyes College

The EOC contributes to faster and more efficient responses during emergencies which enable a greater reduction in morbidity and mortality. Compared with the traditional incident response process, under the command and coordination of China CDC’s EOC, each group involved in the response has a clearer goal, responsibilities and tasks at each stage. Meanwhile, each group also gave full play to its own expertise and advantages. As a whole, incident response tended to be more specialized and precise, which generally improves the efficiency of incident response. However, different countries and regions have different response processes to the events. We still suggested that appropriate emergency operation plan should be made according to the complexity of incident response in the region when constructing response mechanism, through our experience. And the China CDC’s EOC is still at growing and groping phase.

Nigeria is the most populous nation in Africa with a 2018 projected population of 195,875,0001 and accounts for 47% of West Africa’s population.

The West Africa Ebola epidemic demonstrated the economic damage that large scale epidemics can create and highlighted critical capacities that Nigeria must continue to develop to protect Nigerian citizens. Nigeria has responded to and contained these outbreaks, but further steps must be taken to detect them earlier to prevent illness and death. Over the past  years, Nigeria has been confronted with several outbreaks of epidemic-prone diseases, including measles, yellow fever, cerebrospinal meningitis, cholera, Lassa fever, and monkeypox. In response to some of these disease outbreaks, public health workers have conducted vaccination campaigns, while also provided infection prevention and control training to health workers, established new laboratory testing capacity, and conducted communication and engagement activities to communities.

NIGERIA

VLADUT ILIE- LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC NR 1 BALS

Nigeria has made tremendous progress in bio-surveillance for vertical diseases such as polio, TB, HIV/AIDs, but will need additional efforts to:

• Strengthen laboratory capacity, especially specimen shipping, transportation and referral ;

• Scale up, enhance and sustain the IDSR program nation-wide at all levels (FG, State, LGA, PHC facilities), capitalizing on the polio investments;

• Develop and implement a comprehensive public health workforce strategy;

Nigeria has made tremendous progress in response to PHEs-Ebola, Lassa Fever, Meningitis, Cholera etc. but will need additional efforts to:

• Formulate, cost, implement, monitor and evaluate a national action plan for health security that is aligned with sector strategies, addresses all hazards and is based on a comprehensive risk assessment and mapping ;

• Enhance the EOC/IMS system at federal level and strengthen sub-national RRTs supported by an all hazard risk communication strategy/plan ;

• Strengthen inter-sectoral collaboration for emergency response particularly between human and animal health, the environmental sectors and security agencies underpinned on an all hazards approach;

BRAZIL

ALEXANDRA SFIRLEAZA- LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC NR 1 BALS

Brazil is the fifth most-populous country on Earth and accounts for one-third of Latin America’s population. Most of the inhabitants of Brazil are concentrated along the eastern seaboard, although its capital, Brasília, is located far inland and increasing numbers of migrants are moving to the interior.

Many of Brazil’s health problems stem from widespread undernourishment and endemic diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, dengue, amoebic dysentery, tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, and the dread Chagas disease, which is transmitted by the bite of an insect that infests the walls of wattle-and-daub houses. Most of those diseases are common in lowland areas but rare at higher elevations and in the subtropical climate zones. 

Although most endemic tropical diseases have been eradicated in the major cities, migrants from infected areas have reintroduced some maladies as far south as São Paulo. Poor sanitary and housing conditions exacerbate health risks, particularly among Brazil’s millions of shantytown dwellers, or afavelados, who are concentrated in and around São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and other large cities. In those areas new systems of potable water and sewage have greatly reduced the spread of disease.

Government programs and privately supported clinics have been established in many favelas to improve health conditions, particularly prenatal and infant health care.Access to drinking water and sewage treatment is a response to the pressing need to consider health-disease as a process that goes beyond merely a biological concept, but which is, above all, socially determined. Overcoming social inequalities requires public policies fundamentally oriented to reach the largest portion of social groups that, historically, and particularly in recent years, have been deprived of the social rights that ensure citizenship.

Ensuring uninterrupted provision of safe drinking water is the most important preventive measure to be implemented. Chlorine is widely available, inexpensive, easily used, and effective against nearly all waterborne pathogens. Settlement planning must provide for adequate access for water and sanitation needs and meet the minimum space requirements per person, in accordance with international guidelines.

Access to primary care is critical for prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of a wide range of diseases, as well as for providing an entry point for secondary and tertiary care. 

Rapid detection of cases of epidemic-prone diseases is essential to ensure rapid control. A surveillance/early warning system should be quickly established to detect outbreaks and monitor priority endemic diseases. Mass measles immunization and vitamin A supplementation are immediate health priorities in areas with inadequate coverage.

PORTUGAL

Eylül V. - Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

Portugal is the westernmost country of the European continent, located on the descendant peninsula in the southwest of Europe. Capital is Lizbon. It’s population is 10.28 million. Portugal is a highly developed country in terms of tourism with its turquoise sea  and beaches.

      In Portugal, as in many European countries, a high quality and free health system is implemented.

Portugal was the country with the lowest intensive care bed capacity per 100 thousand people in Europe before the Corona epidemic. According to the Ministry of health data it seems that a maximum of 672 covid 19 patients can be treated in intensive care units in Portugal. Portugal which has been shown as an exemplary country in the European Union with its fight against the new type of coronavirus epidemic in the first wave of March-June 2020,is now one of the risky countries with high case increases.

In the first wave, the highest number of casualties was recorded on 35 to 8 and  11 April 2020, while the highest number of cases was recorded on 1516 and 10 April 2020.Portugal ranked first in the number of casualties from covid-19 for the last 14 days with an average of 247 deaths per 1 million people. In the country where the health system is on the brink of a major crisis,the rate of density in hospitals has reached the highest level since the beginning of the epidemic. The number of people who died from the epidemic in the country increased to 15 thousand 522 and the number of cases to 788 thousand 561. On the other hand,in Portugal, the number of people with a 2nd dose vaccine in covid-19 reached 1.94% of the population. In Portugal, within the scope of the state of emergency extended up to 1 March, in addition to closing the borders, restriction of free movement in places where the epidemic is intense, closing all schools, prohibition of travel between cities at the weekend, curfew at night, reducing the working hours of bars, restaurants and shopping centers are implemented. 

SPAIN

EREN MERİÇ AVCI- YÜKSELEN COLLEGE

A part of our lives are diseases. It's hard to live with what we know but we have to live. Illnesses bring death, as well as bring bad feelings, spoiling people's psychology, but we cannot change that. We can take action against this. The World Health Organization exists for this.

In the past, dangerous and world-wide diseases emerged, like many viruses. Even then, people found a cure for all of them. In the present, with this technology, faster and more positive cures have begun to be found. But the diseases were also mutated accordingly. People struggle with a disease every day. And the World Health Organization needs to work on this.

We are in a pandemic right now. The whole world has gone through very difficult times. The world health organization must consider the health and well-being of people in this pandemic and act accordingly. I think in times like this, the World Health Organization should cooperate with other institutions and ensure the welfare of the people. Both psychologically and in terms of physical health.

 In such situations, people's well-being is paramount. People are the strongest building unit of society. The well-being of people and also their health must be protected. Of course there will be deaths, there will be sorrows, but those who know how the World Health Organization sweats will not turn their back on them. We will deal with the pandemic together.

INDIA

Irmak/Esmanaz from Şehit Yaşar Kocabaş Secondary School

India  is a country in south asia. With roughly one-sixth of the world’s total population, ındia is the second most populous country, after china. It is the seventh-largest country by land area, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the ındian ocean on the south, the arabian sea on the southwest, and the bay of  bengal on the southeast, it shares land borders with pakistan to the west;[f] china, nepal, and bhutan to the north; and bangladesh and myanmar to the east.Its capital is new delhi.ıts government is a constitutional republic that represents a highly diverse population consisting of thousands of ethnic groups.

Due to this giant population of India, the effect of pandemic is seen easily.Case numbers and deaths in India are continuing to rise fast, fuelled by a new variant. But the true numbers of cases and deaths are likely to be higher than the numbers provided by authorities, with many people avoiding testing or struggling to access it. Many deaths in rural areas also unregistered. Testing is increasing, but so the number of positive results.In total, India has confirmed more than 18 million infections and 200,000 deaths. The experts say they expect the rate of infections to continue to increase. The country has a shortage of space on its intensive care.They can not reach even the oxygen supply. Hospitals are experiencing shortages of oxygen for patients.People are dying on the streets outside hospitals.

 Furthermore,India started its vaccine drive in January but now there is a shortage for vaccination. Only about 26 million people have been fully vaccinated out of a population of 1.4 billion, and about 124 million have received a single dose. Worse, vaccine stocks in the country have nearly dried up.

As a result , the country's own Serum Institute of India (SII), the world's largest vaccine maker should be supported to meet more needs. The oxygen cylinder needs of hospitals should be met with more support. The bed capacity of hospitals and intensive care units should be increased.

SPAIN

Cemre YASAK - Aliya izzet Begoviç Anadolu Lisesi

Natural disasters occur frequently in China, affecting more than 200 million people every year. In 1998, the direct economic loss exceeded 300 billion RMB. Natural disasters have become an important restricting factor for economic and social development. The Chinese government devotes great attention to disaster reduction and has achieved significant results through efforts over 40 years. In China, the study of disasters has entered a phase of rapid development since the mid to late 1980s and has resulted in some important achievements. Disaster management is an applied science to improve measures for disaster prevention reduction, preparation, alarm, response and recovery by observation and analysis of disasters (Carter, 1993). In the cycle of disaster management, emergency response is the key phase although its duration is shorter than the others.

Disaster emergency management

The Ministry of Civil Affairs of China assumes the work of organizing and coordinating disaster relief, supervising and promulgating information on disasters, managing and distributing disaster relief funds and central government materials and monitoring their use. An emergency plan has been developed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs based on the conference on emergency planning for disaster relief in China of May 2003. The Ministry divides the work of responding to unexpected natural disasters into three grades based on the scene of disaster losses, and enacted the “Work rules for response to unexpected natural disasters of the Ministry of Civil Affairs of China” in June 2003. To standardize and offer a template for local disaster emergency plans, the Ministry of Civil Affairs drafts the basic content of emergency plans for disaster relief to be implemented in cities along main rivers and cities covered by the earthquake monitoring net in 2003

UNEP- UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAM

Promoting the Development  and Accelerated Transfer of Environmentally Sound Technologies  for Low Carbon and Climate Resilient Development to Developing Countries

DELEGATES

DENMARK

THE NETHERLANDS

CHINA

NIGERIA

BRAZIL

PORTUGAL

NEW ZEALAND

SPAIN

INDIA

DENMARK

YAĞMUR TANYA TÜRKMEN-YÜKSELEN COLLEGE

Denmark, officially the Kingdom of Denmark, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. Today, Denmark has a population of 5.7 mill. and a total area of 43,000 km2 . More than 61% of the area is used for agricultural purposes, while 13% is forested and 14% is towns, roads and scattered housing, while the rest consists of natural areas, including lakes, watercourses, heath, etc. The Danish climate is temperate with precipitation evenly distributed over the year. The mean annual temperature is 8.3ºC and mean annual precipitation is 746 mm. Denmark is no longer self-sufficient in energy, due primarily to the decrease in production of oil and gas in the North Sea. Renewable energy is increasingly contributing to the energy supply.

Since the Brundtland Commission's report, “Our Common Future”, from 1987, Denmark's climate policy has developed in collaboration with the different sectors of society, and in line with international climate policy, and results from related scientific research. Since 2001, focus has also been on efforts to reduce emissions and meet the nearterm international greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. The current framework for Denmark’s energy and climate policy is the Energy Agreement reached with a majority of parties in the Parliament in March 2012. The Agreement will lead to large investments up to 2020 in energy efficiency, renewable energy and the energy system. Results in 2020 include approximately 50% of electricity consumption supplied by wind power, and more than 35% of final energy consumption supplied from renewable energy sources. The long-term goal for Danish energy policy is to be independent of fossil fuels by 2050.

Education and raising awareness has been one of the most important part of Denmark’s climate change policy. Denmark has a long tradition for involving the public in the environment field. This tradition was followed up by an international agreement - the Aarhus Convention from 1998. On climate change, anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and political reactions in terms of policies and measures there is an ongoing public debate in the media and elsewhere. The education system in Denmark has a long-lasting tradition and practice in preparing and empowering students to live, learn, work and participate in a society with freedom and democracy. The overall management and democratic learning culture of schools combined with the framework curricula and learning objectives of all subjects provide the basis for pupils and students to develop necessary knowledge and skills to contribute to sustainable development, peace, human rights and global citizenship, in line with the Sustainable Development Goal for quality education for all.

THE NETHERLANDS

ADELIN STEFAN- LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC NR 1 BALS

The Netherlands is a country located in the Western Europe with a population of about 18 million inhabitants.Because significant portions of the Netherlands have been reclaimed from the sea or otherwise are very near sea level, the Netherlands is very vulnerable to sea level rise.

Human activities are the main cause of the greenhouse effect, which is speeding up climate change. The Earth’s temperature is rising because people are burning more fossil fuels, cutting down more forests, and using more land for crops and livestock farming. Historically, there are also a number of natural causes behind the rise in temperature: continental drift, ocean currents, the impact of comets and meteorites, and volcanic eruptions.

Scientists consider the continued increasing concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere as the main cause of climate change. Through the process of global warming, the temperature rises, and as a result, the sea level rises as well. In an effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Dutch government takes mitigation measures and cooperates with non-state actors. The Dutch government also takes adaption measures to protect the country against the consequences of climate change. Besides, the Netherlands is committed to tackling climate issues on a global scale and actively participates in international negotiations and agreements.Parallel to reducing greenhouse gasses, the government takes measures to adapt to the effects of climate change. For instance, by taking measures to prevent flooding and protect freshwater supplies, to reinforce dikes and dunes, and to manage heat stress in cities by planting more vegetation.

Global demand is on the rise for technical solutions to lower greenhouse gases. The Netherlands aims to be a world leader in smart, clean and energy-efficient technologies. For example, the Netherlands can develop solutions for: saving energy; saving and reusing raw materials; cleaner cars; cleaner crop and livestock management methods; more energy-efficient devices and appliances.

CHINA

DEFNE KAYA- YÜKSELEN COLLEGE

China's official name is the People's Republic of China. It is in East Asia. China is the world's populous country with 1.4 billion people and the world's third-largest country by area. China's climate is mainly dominated by dry seasons and wet monsoons. And its climate leads to the pronounced temperature between winter and summer.

Climate change is the world's biggest problem. On earth, there are greenhouse gases and it protects our world from harmful rays. The greenhouse includes carbon dioxide, ozone, methane gases. Because of this, the world's medium heat is proper to live in the world. Global warming is the result of climate change due to human activities such as the real cause, excessive use of fossil fuels, and large industrial pollution. The increase of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere leads to global warming, which leads to climate change. If there aren't any greenhouse gases on world, world's medium heat deg rate -18 degrees which is not suitable for living. Drought, the flood can happen. And the most important thing, glacier melting can happen which means lots of animal's habitats can be destroyed.

Let's talk about polar bears and penguins. They lose weight and fighting deaths. Because they swim and try to find something that they can eat. They can't find feed, and they can't find any piece of ice to rest. They can't find any piece of ice to live on too because of melting glaciers. The animals which live on glaciers everybody knows they are dying. But there is more. Because of climate change, some animals live in drought, and their waters, feeds are done. Of course, we live the same thing our water near to done because again because of climate change there is not raining. Our water, animals feeds and waters and their habitats so close to destroy.

These days we destroy the greenhouse. Global warming is the most important factor in damages our earth. And we create global warming because of our unconsciousness. Because of that, we live lots of disasters. We are not just damaging our world we damage ourselves. And the other most important factor is developing countries. In these countries, there are lots of factories and factory fumes destroy the greenhouse and it's lead the air pollution. This affects carbon emissions. In developing countries, there are lots of carbon emissions. Carbon emission is because of refined coals and fossil fuel. So, it's affecting global warming and of course climate change. Developing countries carbon emission levels are very high, it is too bad for sure.

China also affects global warming. Countries conduct a meeting every year just because of global warming and they try to get a solution to this. They render a verdict that is so strict. And developing countries can't do these rules because of their economic apprehension. And they try to ease up these rules. China is one of them. In 2013 china did not approach the subject carefully like most of other developed countries. China avoided strict speech in these meetings.

NIGERIA

MARGARİDA SAMPAİO / AGRUPAMENTO DE ESCOLAS DA LİXA, FELGUEİRAS 

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh-most populous country in the world, with an estimated population of 206 million. Its economy is the largest in Africa, the 26th-largest in the world by nominal GDP, and 25th-largest by PPP.

     Nigeria through the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) had achieved the following major milestones in environmental protection and conservation of natural resources: development of the National Policy on the Environment; establishment of a National Council on Environment (NCE); establishment of a National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Agenda 21; review of National Environmental Policy Guidelines and Standards; enactment of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Law; establishment of a National Energy Policy; and enactment of Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Legislation; implementation of the National Agenda 21; and the initial development of the VISION 2010 strategy.

    The National Council on Environment, established in 1990, provides a forum for consultation and harmonization of environmental management matters throughout the Federation. Membership includes all the Commissioners responsible for the environment in all the States of the Federation as well as the Secretaries to the State Governments. Some of the achievements include the harmonization of environmental protection institutions throughout the Federation and the creation of State Environmental Protection Agencies in all the States of the Federation.

BRAZIL

MAIA GUICIN-LICEUL TEHNOLOGIC NR 1 BALS

Brazil is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At 8.5 million square kilometers and with over 211 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the sixth most populous. Its capital is Brasília, and its most populous city is São Paulo.  

Scientific observations have revealed increases in average global air and ocean temperature levels, widespread melting of snow and icecaps and overall rises in sea levels. Such phenomena are unequivocal evidence of global warming. Moreover, average global temperatures are forecast to rise by almost 2° C by the end of this century. Such an increase is unprecedented, and higher than any recorded since pre-industrial times. 

Possible impacts of climate change in Brazil and South America include: extinction of habitats and species, mostly in tropical regions; replacement of tropical forests by savannahs, and of semiarid vegetation by dessert; an increase in water stress in various regions, i.e., lack of sufficient water to fulfil demands of the population; increases in agricultural pests, and of diseases such as dengue fever and malaria (PBMC, 2013); and displacement and migration of populations.  

The aim  is to promote reduction and management of climate-risk considering the effects of climate change, by taking full advantage of emerging opportunities, avoiding losses and damages, and building instruments to prepare natural, human, productive and infrastructure systems to adapt to climate change. 

 Raise awareness of all players of the importance of the theme “Adaptation to climate change”, by means of information, training, mobilization, engagement, and expansion of participatory processes within society;  

Enhance interaction among public authorities, sectoral bodies of the Brazilian economy, academics, civil society and other stakeholders, as a means of fostering continuous development of national adaptation strategies for facing up to the impacts of climate change. 

PORTUGAL

Murathan Ş. - Mualla Ersezgin Secondary School

Priorities of the Environment Policy in Portugal.

 The priority targets and actions, which guide the policy action towards building long-term conditions for sustainable development, take three essential aspects into consideration: 

i) The country’s socio-economic situation: Portugal is still in need of modernisation and improved infrastructures throughout the country;

ii) The recognition of the value of environmental advantages intrinsic to the national territory as development factors;

 iii) The need to apply the national, community and international normative framework in the period 2000- 2015.

The environmental strategy for the next decade is based on the following courses of action: 

First course of action: sustainable management of natural resources and improved environmental quality as the essential rights of all Portuguese. This course of action is based on the consideration of the principles equity, solidarity and shared responsibility. 

Second course of action: integration of the environment in the territorial development policy and in sectorial policies.

Third course of action: conservation and recognition of the natural heritage in the framework of the strategy for the conservation of nature and biodiversity

Fourth course of action: establishing a strategic partnership with the different actors for the environmental modernisation of economic activities and organisations

Fifth course of action: development of environmental education and information

SPAIN

Dila / Buse  -  Erciyes College 

The UN Sustainable Development Summit, held in September 2015, adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The 2030 Agenda includes the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will guide the international development agenda between now and 2030.

The fight against climate change, as well as adaptation and resilience to its impacts, is encapsulated in SDG 13 (“Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts”). World leaders met at COP21 in Paris in December 2015 to agree what form that action should take.

The post-2015 agenda, which promotes low-carbon and climate-resilient development, will also contribute to reducing current poverty levels – and has Spain as a major ally for its implementation. Spain has made a significant effort in the last few years to integrate climate change in its development cooperation plans and strategies as well as support several programmes, funds and bilateral, regional and international initiatives on climate change.

One of the main goals of the Spanish Government’s current Master Plan of the Spanish Cooperation is to “improve the provision of global and regional public goods”, for which sustainable development and environmental considerations will play a vital part. In a similar vein, the Sectoral Action Plan on Environment and Climate Change, developed by the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (AECID), aims to promote a new development paradigm based on sustainable economies. Such economies are characterised by low-carbon emissions and high levels of biodiversity, social justice and equity, and where respect for the environment is the basis for development.

INDIA

ELİF IMIL- YÜKSELEN COLLEGE

India is located on the southern part of Asia and New Delhi is the capital city. It is the second most populous and the seventh largest country in the world. Its border neighbours are Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Myanmar. India became independent of British Rule in 1947. India is a member of the United Nations (UN) since 1945. It is popular with its well-established culture and spicy cuisine.

Because of climate change and global warming Earth, the planet we live on is damaged seriously, and it is still suffering. Animals are dying and day by day, we are getting close to an enormous drought and scarcity. This big issue needs to solve immediately and wisely. India has cooperated with United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) for years to solve this issue.

The Republic of India is ready to cooperate in order to slow down or completely stop global warming and climate change. In addition, the Republic of India would gladly take part in the researches for developing technological devices to lower the carbon rate in the atmosphere. India believes that this conference will help the cooperating countries to solve this problem.

SPAIN

Neşe GÜRLER - Aliya izzet Begoviç Anadolu Lisesi 

The National Energy and Climate (ENCP) Plan is a ten-year integrated document mandated by the European Union to each of its member states in order for the EU to meet its overall greenhouse gases emissions targets.  The Energy and Climate Plan addresses all five dimensions of the EU Energy Union: decarbonisation, energy efficiency, energy security, internal energy markets and research, innovation and competitiveness.  The plan sets out the following objectives: 

1)  to become a carbon-neutral country by 2050 by decreasing the gross total GHG emissions in the electricity, transport, industry sectors ; 

Spain's integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021-2030

2) to promote energy efficiency thanks to the penetration of renewable energy in final energy consumption, efficiency measures to the transport, industry and building sectors, energy saving targets; 

3) to ensure energy security by the diversification of the national energy mix, the use of indigenous sources and increase the flexibility of the national energy system; 

4) interconnectivity, energy transmission infrastructure, integration of the internal energy market; 5) to strengthen technology transfers, promote public-private partnership and business research and innovationm, etc. The government released a second version of the plan in September 2020.