THOSE WHO PREPARED THE BOOK

.  Didem Pınar ERDOĞDU

.  Elif SINMAZ ÇOBAN

.  Tuğba YEŞİLYURT

.  Ayşe SANCAR

.  Ceren AKBAŞ

.  Yasin ŞENER

.  Nagihan ÇİMEN

.  Dhurata PASHAJ

.  Orquidea Maria Barbosa dos SANTOS

EPIDEMIC DISEASES SEEn IN HISTORY

.  AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

.  Tuberculosis

.  Cholera and Malaria

.  Spanish Flu and Hong Kong Flu

.  Covid-19

.  Plague 

.  Black Plague (Black Death)

.  Smallpox

.  Sars and Mers

.  Ebola

. Swine Flu

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

                                                                                             Gülüç Vesile Dikmen Ortaokulu

   TUBERCULOSIS

          Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a bacillus called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis can be seen in all organs, with a rate of 80% in the lungs. It can lead to death in untreated or inadequately treated patients. With today's modern treatment, nearly one hundred percent recovery can be achieved in tuberculosis patients.

           Tuberculosis disease is transmitted from person to person by airway. The most important source of tuberculosis microbe is untreated pulmonary tuberculosis patients. When these patients cough, sneeze or talk, germs are dispersed into the air. Healthy people ingest .these microbes through the respiratory tract and become infected.

                                                                          Ayşe SANCAR

                                                                                                                    Gülüç Vesile Dikmen Ortaokulu  

PLAGUE

The Yersinia pestis bacteria caused this infectious disease.

In history, it was called the Black Death. It caused more than 50 million deaths in Europe. It started in the 14th century. Ships with sailors dead or carrying the disease anchored at the port of Messina, Sicily.

 Nowadays it is easy to be treated. Antibiotics are used.

An infected flea bite can cause the disease after contact with animals infected.

 The bacteria effects the lymph nodes. They swell and form buboes.

Symptoms are high temperature, head and muscle aches. Extreme tiredness.

 The bacteria spreads in the blood, chill, bleeding occur. Tissue blackens, fingers, toes and     nose at most. The plague becomes extremely dangerous when it reaches the lungs.

 Cough may lead to spread the virus. Bloody cough, difficult breath occurs.

 The Plague can cause death, gangrene or Meningitis.

 There is no vaccine developed.

                                                                                                                       Nagihan Çimen 

                                                                                                      Derviş Solak İmam Hatip Ortaokulu

BLACK DEATH (BLACK PLAGUE)

The Plague(Hong Kong)

Plague Doctor

SPANISH FLU

The Spanish Flu Pandemic, also known as La Grippe Espagnole, or La Pesadilla, was an unusually severe and deadly strain of avian influenza, a viral infectious disease, that killed some 50 million to 100 million people worldwide over about a year in 1918 and 1919.

Symptoms: Normal flu symptoms of fever, nausea, aches and diarrhea. Many developed severe pneumonia attack. Dark spots would appear on the cheeks and patients would turn blue, suffocating from a lack of oxygen as lungs filled with a frothy, bloody substance.

                 Martina LENEKA

         "Dëshmorët e Prishtinës" school

                 Shkodër, Albania

COVİD-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), also known as the coronavirus, or COVID, is a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease has since spread worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic.

Symptoms of COVID-19 are variable, but often include fever, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste. Symptoms may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not develop noticeable symptoms.                                                                          

                                                                                                 Orquídea Maria Barbosa dos Santos

Escola Básica de Arões Santa Cristina 

SWİNE FLU

  SWİNE FLU EPİDEMİC

          MEXİCO

      H1N1 VİRUS

      Swine flu is caused by the H1N1 virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family.  It is called Swine Flu because it is very similar to the virus that occurs in pigs. Swine flu is transmitted by breathing (air).  The vaccine has been found.  The symptoms of the disease in humans are the same as the symptoms of flu and flu-like illnesses.  Symptoms;   fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, feeling cold and tired.  More patients than normal reported diarrhea and vomiting.The swine flu epidemic that started in the Southwestern USA and Mexico countries in March 2009 affected the whole world in a short time.  Approximately 6 months after this date, more than 340.000 cases occurred worldwide and 4.100 people died due to this disease 

                                                                                  Elif SINMAZ ÇOBAN

                                                                                        Derviş Solak İmam Hatip Ortaokulu

CHOLERA AND MALARIA

                                                 CHOLERA

         MALARIA  

Cholera is an infectious disease caused by a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. The bacteria typically live in waters that are somewhat salty and warm, such as estuaries and waters along coastal areas. People contract V. cholerae after drinking liquids or eating foods contaminated with the bacteria, such as raw or undercooked shellfish. 

There are hundreds of strains or “serogroups” of the cholera bacteria.These strains produce the cholera toxin that cause cells lining the intestines to release increased amounts of water, leading to diarrhea and rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes (salts). A single diarrhea episode can cause a one-million-fold increase of bacterial numbers in the environment, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Malaria is a serious and sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain type of mosquito which feeds on humans. People who get malaria are typically very sick with high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness.

Although malaria can be a deadly disease, illness and death from malaria can usually be prevented.

                                                                                                      Ceren AKBAŞ

                                                                                                                    Cumhuriyet Ortaokulu

HONG KONG FLU

Where did the Hong Kong flu originate from?

The Hong Kong strain of influenza virus A2 may have originated in the mainland of China but this is not certain. It caused a very large epidemic in Hong Kong and spread rapidly to countries as far as India and the Northern Territory of Australia—as happened in the 1957 pandemic.

How was the Hong Kong flu transmitted?

The virus emerged in China in the winter of 1957 and spread rapidly worldwide via ships, aeroplanes, and trains. In April, it sparked a major epidemic in Hong Kong, where about 250 000 people were infected, and by June India had seen over a million cases.

                 Kamila Leneka

             "Dëshmorët e Prishtinës"

                 Shkodër, Albania

SMALLPOX

Smallpox is a serious disease caused by variola virus. It is deadly and  

it has no cure. 

It first appeared in the third century. Every year millions of people got infected.

30 percent died.

In 1980, the disease got eradicated.

There is an incubation period of 14 days.

There are three stages of symptoms .

Initial symptoms are high temperature, aches of muscles, back, head. Vomiting.

Early rash symptoms occur in the mouth and throat.In this stage the virus spreads very easily. Face, arms, legs, back come next very quickly. Bumps occur on the skin filled with fluid.

In the last stage pustules occur. 

Children get vaccinated to prevent smallpox.

                                                                                                                  Nagihan Çimen 

                                                                                                 Derviş Solak İmam Hatip Ortaokulu

EBOLA

     The Ebola virus causes a febrile illness that causes life-threatening bleeding,

 in which 50% to 90% of cases die. 

    The origin of the Ebola virus is still uncertain. The virus is transmitted to humans through contact with the blood and body fluids of animals. It can be transmitted directly from animals to humans, as well as from person to person through contact with blood and body fluids.

    Since there is no cure for the disease, prevention of contagion is essential in   prevention. Therefore, sick animals should be quarantined as soon as possible.

Some of the important symptoms that can be seen are headache, widespread aches in the body, high fever, bleeding, nausea and skin rash.

    In the epidemic in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in 2014-2017, 30 thousand people were infected with the virus, more than 11 thousand of them died.

                                                                                                                  Yasin ŞENER

                                                                                                       Bandırma İmam Hatip Ortaokulu

SARS  AND MERS

SARS

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a viral respiratory disease caused by a SARS-associated coronavirus. It was first identified at the end of February 2003 during an outbreak that emerged in China and spread to 4 other countries. 

SARS is an airborne virus and can spread through small droplets of saliva in a similar way to the cold and influenza. It was the first severe and readily transmissible new disease to emerge in the 21st century and showed a clear capacity to spread along the routes of international air travel.

MERS

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is an illness caused by a virus (more specifically, a coronavirus) called Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Most MERS patients developed severe respiratory illness with symptoms of fever, cough and shortness of breath. About 3 or 4 out of every 10 patients reported with MERS have died.