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Use a comma to separate the elements in a series 

(three or more things), including the last two.

Examples:

* He hit the ball, dropped the bat, and ran to first 

base.

* We ate chips, pop, & candy.

Use a comma + a little conjunction (and, but, for, 

nor, yet, or, so) to connect two independent clauses.

Examples:

He hit the ball well, but he ran toward third base.

She didn't clean the bathroom, nor did she clean the 

kitchen.

Use a comma after an introductory word, 

phrase, or clause.

Examples:

Therefore, we need to move ahead to find 

peace.

Celia, you can cast your move over there.

Use commas to separate non-restrictive 

words, phrases, or clauses from the rest of 

the clause.

Examples:

 Governor Kelly, who earned her degree 

from South Dakota State University, vetoed 

the bill that outlawed gay marriages.

George Havers, philanthropist, did not plan 

on contributing to the new hate group.

Some nouns ending in o are pluralized with 

an "s," while others call for "es."   These words 

must be memorized, because there is no 

simple rule to explain the differences.

Examples:

echoes     heroes     potatoes     vetoes

autos     memos     pimentos     pros

The plural form of a noun indicates 

simply that there are more than 

one of the person or thing in 

question. For most nouns, the 

plural form includes the letter "s" 

at the end of the word:

Examples:

Dogs

Trees

Turtles

To form the plural of nouns 

ending in y, drop the y and add 

"ies."

Family becomes families

Story becomes stories

Baby becomes babies

The possessive form of a singular noun is 

an apostrophe followed by the letter "s."

Examples:

Kramer's hair

Daphne's patience

the car's engine

Words ending with s, z or x generally 

omit the "s."

Dr. Seuss' sense of humor

Use a semicolon in place of a 

period to separate two sentences 

where the conjunction has been 

left out.

Examples:

Call me tomorrow; I will give you 

my answer then.

I have paid my dues; therefore, I 

expect all the privileges listed in 

the contract.

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