The New Art and Science of Teaching

      Rober J. Marzano

Chapter 6 

Using Strategies That Appear in All Types of Lessons 

Students continually integrate new knowledge with old knowledge and revise their understanding accordingly.

The elements in this chapter help students continually loop through the content they are learning so that they might integrate new knowledge with what has been previously learned. 

Element 15: Previewing Strategies 

Previewing strategies provide students with a glimpse of the content that the teacher is about to address. These strategies help students activate prior knowledge. 

Bell ringers                                     KWL Strategies 

What do you think you know     Word Splashes 

Advance organizers                     Overt linkages 

Brief teacher summaries            Preview questions 

Teacher prepared notes             Skimming 

Anticipation guides                      Pre-assessments 

Informational hooks 

Element 16: Highlighting Critical Information 

Not all information is equally important. Teachers need to point out important information for students.

Repeating the most important content 

Asking questions that focus on critical information 

Using visual activities 

Using narrative activities 

Usin tone of voice, gestures and body position 

Using pause time 

Identifying critical-input experiences 

Using explicit instruction to convey critical information

Rroviding advance organizers to cue critical content 

Using what students already know to cue critical content 

Element 17: Reviewing Content 

Reviewing content provides students with opportunities to revisit what they have previously learned. 

Cumulative review 

Cloze activity

Summary 

Presented problem 

Demonstration 

Brief practice test or exercise 

Questioning 

Give one, get one 

Element 18: Revising Knowledge 

Provides students with concrete opportunities to change and add to, and delete from what they have previously learned. 

Academic notebook entries                Peer feedback

Academic notebook reviews                Assignment revision 

Peer feedback                                        Visual symbols 

Assignment revision                              The five basic processes

Visual Symbols 

Element 19: Reflection on Learning 

Reflecting on learning not only focuses students' attention on the content but also on themselves as learners. 

Reflective journals                          Think logs                        Exit slips 

Knowlegde comparisons                Two-column notes 

Element 20: Assigning Purposeful Homework 

Teachers must assign homework purposefully, and only when it is needed. 

Homework preview 

Homework to deepen knowledge

Homework to practice a process or skill 

Parent-assessed homework 

Element 21: Elaborating on Information 

This is the process of going beyond what is initially learned. 

General inferential questions 

Elaborative interrogation 

Questioning sequences 

Element 22: Organizing Students to Interact 

This involves strategies for organizing students to interact to a thoughtful way that facilitates collaboration. 

Group for active processing      Group norms creation 

Fishbowl demonstration             Job cards 

Pair check                                      Student Tournaments 

Inside-Outside Circle                  Cooperative learning 

Peer-response groups                

Predetermined buddies to holp form ad hoc groups 

Contingency plan for ungrouped students 

Group using preassessment information      

Think-Pair-Share and Think-Pair-Square