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Pathos 1: "Being mechanical, you ought not 

walk" (1.13)

Pathos 2: "I hear a tongue, shriller than all 

the music" (1.2.16)

Ethos:

Examples: In Brutus's speech, he begins by addressing 

the crowd as "Romans, countrymen, and lovers," 

demonstrating that he is one of them and that he values 

their role in Roman society.   This helps establish 

credibility, and as Brutus continues by arguing that he 

killed Caesar to protect all citizens from Caesar's 

ambition, he appeals to their sense of Roman values. 

Similarly, Antony employs a multitude of ethical 

appeals.   Like Brutus, he groups himself with the crowd 

and addresses them as "Friends, Romans, and 

Countrymen." He also asks their permission to leave the 

platform and go down among them--this helps establish 

his credibility as "one of them," not as someone who is 

above them. While much of his speech appeals to the 

crowd's emotions (pathos), Antony does discuss the 

people's duty to Caesar by showing what a "people's" 

leader Caesar was.

Logos:

Examples: Brutus uses logos when he cites examples of 

Caesar being too ambitious and seeking a crown when 

the Romans had already suffered under the reign of a 

tyrant king.   By bringing up elements of Roman history 

and true events involving Caesar, Brutus seeks to 

demonstrate that the assassination was a planned action 

based on thought and facts. Antony, too, employs logos 

when he lists examples of Caesar's actions on behalf of 

all Roman citizens--his willingness to share the spoils of 

war with the people and his establishing a reputation for 

Rome throughout the known world; even Brutus could 

not the truth in Antony's words. The will itself is another 

example of logos.   While Antony uses the literal will to 

stir up the crowd's emotions, the contents of the will 

represent logical support for Antony's defense of Caesar.  

The will leaves the each citizen a stipend and land to 

use for public parks.

Julius Caesar Fate and Free Will

Men at some time are masters of their fates: 

The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, 

But in ourselves, that we are underlings. (1.2.9) 

That's what Cassius says to Brutus as the two 

contemplate removing Caesar from power. Although 

Cassius claims that men are "masters of their fates" as a 

way to motivate the conspirators to action against 

Caesar, there's a lot of evidence to suggest he's wrong. 

The play is full of omens and prophesies that come true, 

which undermines the sense that characters can 

exercise free will and shape the outcomes of their lives. 

We should also keep in mind that Julius Caesar 

dramatizes historical events that have, by definition, 

already happened. As characters struggle with questions 

of fate vs. free will, the audience already knows what 

their futures hold. This tends to create a lot of dramatic 

irony

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