To all the people who help me do my learning about history.And to my parents and espesialy my MOM that I love very much
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Sumary:
This is a timeline of events of World War II in 1939, from the start of the war on 1 September 1939. For events preceding September 1, 1939, see the timeline of events preceding World War II.
Germany's invasion of Poland,this brought lots of different countries into the war, on 1 September 1939, and Britain and France's declaration of war on Germany two days later marks the beginning of World War II. After the declaration of war, western Europe saw very little land or air active military confrontation at first, and the period was termed the "Phoney War". At sea instead these months were signed by the opening stages of the Battle of the Atlantic.
In eastern Europe, however, the agreement between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed on 23 August opened the way in September for the Soviet Union's invasion of eastern Poland, which was divided between the two countries before the end of the month. The Soviet Union starts a new military offensive by invading Finland at the end of November.
The war in East Asia among the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan reaches a stalemate; on the other side the increasing clashes between Japan and the Soviet Union end when the two parties agree in September on a ceasefire.
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September
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1 September
The Republic of China and the Empire of Japan are involved in the early stages of the third year of armed conflict between them during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The war is in what will be known as the "Second Period", which starts after the fall of Wuhan in October 1938 and ends in December 1941 with Pearl Harbor. This conflict will eventually be swept up into World War II when Japan joins the Axis and China joins the Allies.
The invasion of Poland by Germany starts at 4:45 a.m. when the Kriegsmarine's battleship Schleswig-Holstein opens fire on the Polish military transit depot at Westerplatte in the Free City of Danzig on the Baltic Sea, but the attack is repulsed. At the same time the Luftwaffe attacks several targets in Poland, among them Wieluń, the first town in the war to be carpet bombed by the Germans. Shortly before 6:00 a.m., the German Army passes the Polish border in great numbers from north and south, together with Slovak units.
In the same day, the Free City of Danzig is annexed by Germany.
Resisters entrenched in Danzig's Polish Post Office are overwhelmed.
Adolf Hitler cites Polish border attacks that happened during the false flag Operation Himmler as a reason for war during his 1 September 1939 Reichstag speech.
The Italian government announces that it will maintain a condition of "non-belligerence" in the conflict.
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Norway and Sweden immediately declare their neutrality.
Portugal proclaims that it will remain neutral in the war.
The House of Commons of the United Kingdom passes an emergency military budget.
The British War Secretary Leslie Hore-Belisha orders the War Office to begin the general mobilization of
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the British Armed Forces.
In a mass evacuation effort (code named "operation Pied Piper") the British authorities relocate 1,473,000 children and adults from the cities to the countryside. The adults involved were teachers, people with disabilities and their helpers, mothers with preschool children.
Acting on account of their governments, the ambassadors of France and Britain demand the German government to cease all hostile activities and to withdraw its troops from Poland.
The President of the United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt sends an appeal to all European powers involved in the crisis asking them to abstain from bombing civilian and unfortified cities. Germany's Führer, Adolf Hitler, answers immediately assuring the American chargé d'affaires Alexander C. Kirk that the Luftwaffe will only attack military targets. The British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain also promises to abide to the request, as does Poland's ambassador to the US Jerzy Antoni Potocki.
The Einsatzgruppen initiate the Operation Tannenberg in Poland, which would kill around 20,000 selected Poles in two months.
Wartime blackouts are put in place throughout Britain, Germany and France.
The Slovak State suspends the country’s civil liberties.
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2 September
Right after Britain, the French Parliament also approves an emergency war budget.
The British and French governments agree on issuing an ultimatum to Germany the following day.
The Swiss government proceeds to a general mobilization of its forces.
The Irish State's Dáil Éireann approves a state of emergency, paving the way to legislation that vastly enhances the government's powers.
The French Army begins its general mobilization.
3 September
At 9:00 a.m. the British ambassador to Berlin Nevile Henderson is instructed by the Cabinet to deliver an ultimatum to Germany which expired without answer at 11:00 a.m.
At 11:15 a.m. British Standard Time (BST) the Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain announces to the public that Britain is at war with Germany.
The National Service (Armed Forces) Act 1939 is approved and enforces full conscription in the British Armed Forces on all able-bodied males between 18 and 41 resident in the UK.
In Britain, Chamberlain forms a new war ministry with a smaller and more powerful war cabinet within composed of nine ministers (Chamberlain, Sir Samuel Hoare, Sir John Simon, Lord Halifax, Leslie Hore-Belisha, Sir Kingsley Wood, Lord Chatfield, Lord Hankey and Winston Churchill).
During its first meeting, Britain's war cabinet appoints general Sir Edmund Ironside as head of the Chief of the Imperial General Staff and general Viscount Gort head of the British Expeditionary
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Force.
The British Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow also declares war on Germany without consulting Indian nationalists.
The Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies declares that the country is at war with Germany due to Britain's choice, and a similar war declaration against Germany is made by New Zealand's government.
Newfoundland declares war on Germany.
At 12:00 p.m. the French Government delivers a similar final ultimatum to Germany which at 5:00 p.m. also expires unanswered, thus bringing France in the war.
Within hours of the British declaration of War, SS Athenia, a British cruise ship en route from Glasgow, UK, to Montreal, Canada, is torpedoed by the German submarine U-30 250 miles (400 km) Northwest of Ireland. 112 passengers and crew members are killed. The "Battle of the Atlantic" starts.
"Bloody Sunday": accused of having shot at Polish troops, about 1,000 ethnic German civilians are killed in the Polish city of Bydgoszcz.
Ireland's Taoiseach Éamon de Valera declares the nation's neutrality.
Netherlands and Belgium declare their neutrality.
German authorities order U-boats to immediately take action against all British ships, but sparing French ships and in strict observance of prize rules.
The Polish destroyer ORP Wicher and the minelayer ORP Gryf are sunk in the Polish port of Hel by the Luftwaffe, making them the first warships to be sunk in the war.
In Britain's first military action, the Royal Air Force's Bomber Command sends out 27 planes to bomb the Kriegsmarine, but they turn back before having been able to find any targets. Overnight ten Whitleys made the first of many 'nickel raids' in Bremen, Hamburg and the Ruhr in which the planes dropped propaganda leaflets.
Further answering to Roosevelt's plea the British and French present a joint formal declaration stating that the Allied bombers would attack only military targets unless Germany begins indiscriminate
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civilian bombings.
Poland permits Czech and Slovak refugees to create a Czechoslovak Legion to fight Germany.
odd photo from WWII.
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4 September
In Poland the Third German Army from East Prussia links with units from German Western Pomerania, thus covering the Danzig Corridor.
In the first British raid of the war, the Royal Air Force's send 15 Blenheim bombers to launch a bombing raid on the German fleet in the Heligoland Bight. They target the German pocket-battleship Admiral Scheer and the light cruiser Emden anchored off Wilhelmshaven. Seven aircraft are lost in the attack and, although the Admiral Scheer is hit three times, all of the bombs fail to explode.
Japan's Prime Minister Nobuyuki Abe sends a formal note to all belligerents and neutrals announcing it would remain neutral and "avoid becoming involved" in the European conflict; instead it will concentrate on "settling the China incident".
Spain's caudillo Francisco Franco states that he will observe "strict neutrality" in the conflict.
Lithuania proclaims its neutrality in the conflict.
The Imperial State of Iran officially announces its intention to remain neutral in the war.
The South African Prime Minister Barry Hertzog motion to remain neutral in the war is defeated in the Assembly 80 votes against 67. At this point, Hertzog goes to the Governor-General Patrick Duncan and asks him to call a new election, which Duncan refuses.
The first advance parties of the British Expeditionary Force arrive in France.
After the sinking of the Athenia Hitler forbids any attack on passenger ships.
Argentina, Brazil and Mexico proclaim their intention to remain neutral in the European war.
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5 September
The National Registration Act 1939 is passed in Britain permitting to establish a register on the whole population.
Duncan calls on the politician Jan Smuts to attempt to form a Cabinet and replace Hertzog as Prime Minister of South Africa, which he successfully does.
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia states its neutrality.
The British freighter SS Bosnia becomes the first merchant ship sunk in the battle of the Atlantic when it gets targeted off the coast of Portugal by the U-boat U-47.
The United States publicly declares neutrality.
Following the administration’s declaration of neutrality, American President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders to put together a Neutrality Patrol which must observe and report any belligerent forces by patrolling the United States Atlantic coast and the Caribbean.
Following a mutual request by Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela and the United States, Panama sends invitations for a conference of American foreign ministers to be held at Panama City on the current war.
The Kingdom of Iraq cuts its diplomatic relations with Germany.
Britain terminates its diplomatic recognition of Slovakia.
Germany’s Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop makes clear that no hostile actions against Romania will be tolerared by the Reich.
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6 September
South Africa, now under Prime Minister Jan Smuts, declares war on Germany.
The Kingdom of Egypt cuts its diplomatic ties with Germany.
In the so-called battle of Barking Creek, a friendly fire incident, due to the misidentification as hostile of an incoming team of eleven Hurricanes, two aircraft are shot down and the first British fighter pilot killed.
In southern Poland The 14th German army takes Kraków virtually unopposed.
As a protection against U-boats, the Admiralty orders the adoption of the convoy system.
The British fleet starts the naval blockade on shipping directed to Germany by the implementation of the Northern Patrol.
The Crown Council of Romania votes in favour of the country’s neutrality in the war.
7 September: France's commander in chief general Maurice Gamelin begins a limited offensive into the German Saarland territory involving ten divisions.
8 September
Britain establishes the Ministry of Food to monitor the supply and distribution of food.
Roosevelt proclaims "a limited national emergency", increasing military spending and expanding the size of the United States Armed Forces.
The Germans begin what will be the systematic mining of the British waters by the mining of Portland
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Harbour.
Britain formally announces that Slovakia is to be considered a territory under German occupation.
10 September
After passing both Houses of the Canadian parliament by unanimous consent Canada's Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King declares war on Germany.
Warsaw is hit for the first time by bombing raids. In just that single day twelve raids target the city.
The first submarine is sunk in the conflict when the British submarine HMS Triton sinks the British submarine HMS Oxley mistaking her for a U-Boat, leaving only two survivors.
11 September
The Viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow announces to the two houses of the Indian Legislature (the Council of State and the Legislative Assembly) that the plans for the Federation of India will be postponed.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia cuts its diplomatic relations with Germany.
The Prime Minister of Turkey Refik Saydam informs the Parliament that Turkey will remain neutral for the time being.
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12 September
General Gamelin orders to halt to the French Saar Offensive into Germany after having taken only a handful of villages.
Ribbentrop demands from the Romanian government to immediately interrupt the free passage of war supplies to Poland.
13 September
The French Navy suffers its first casualties in Casablanca, Morocco, when the minelaying cruiser Pluton explodes due to an accident killing 215 people.
The Polish submarine ORP Orzeł enters for repairs Tallinn harbour in neutral Estonia.
14 September
The Japanese Eleventh Army moving from Yueyang and supported by divisions from Jiangxi begins a major offensive to take the Chinese city of Changsha.
British Destroyers escorting the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal sink the U-39 after the U-boat's attack against the carrier failed. It was the first sinking of a German U-boat in WW II.
The Romanian cabinet under intense German pressure decides that the Polish military and civilian leaderships would be interned if they were to evacuate in Romania.
Romanian authorities drastically limit the passage through the country of war materials to be sent to
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Poland.
15 September
The Kingdom of Bulgaria formally announces its neutrality.
The Estonian authorities intern the Polish submarine ORP Orzeł.
The German Army complete the encirclement of Warsaw.
16 September
The first eastbound transatlantic convoy sets sail from Halifax, Canada, towards Liverpool, UK. 357 such HX convoys will follow.
The Soviet Union recognizes de jure the Slovak State.
Romanian Prime Minister Armand Călinescu offers to the Germans a deal where in exchange for providing Romanians with captured Polish weapons, they would guarantee to give much larger amounts of oil and wheat so as to meet Germany’s war needs for the years to come.
17 September
The Soviet Union invades Poland from the east, occupying the territory east of the Curzon line as well as Białystok and Eastern Galicia.
The British aircraft carrier HMS Courageous is torpedoed and sunk by U-29 on patrol off the coast of Ireland, causing the death of 514 aboard; it represented the first major warship to be sunk in the war.
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18 September
The Polish government and the High Command leave Poland for Romania where they are immediately interned, including the President Ignacy Mościcki and the Commander-in-Chief Edward Rydz-Śmigły.
Russian forces reach Vilnius and Brest-Litovsk.
The Polish submarine ORP Orzeł escapes from internment and leaves the Tallinn bay.
The Soviet news agency TASS accuses the Estonian government of having deliberately permitted the Orzeł of escaping internment and also alleges the existence of other Polish submarines hidden in other Baltic states.
The French Army completes its sixteen-day long mobilization.
19 September
The German and Soviet armies link up near Brest Litovsk.
The People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR Vyacheslav Molotov informs the Estonian Minister in Moscow August Rei that the Soviet Fleet will search for the Orzeł throughout the Baltic, including in Estonian territorial waters.
20 September: The Soviet Air Forces violate Estonia’s airspace.
21 September: Romanian Prime Minister Armand Călinescu is assassinated by members of the Iron
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Guard, a revolutionary Fascist group.
22 September: The Estonian Foreign Minister Karl Selter is invited to Moscow to sign a previously discussed Soviet-Estonian trade agreement.
23 September: The Estonian government decides to send Karl Selter to Moscow following the Soviet request.
24 September
The 6th and 13th Divisions of the Imperial Japanese Army drive the Chinese National Revolutionary Army out of the Xiangjiang River area during the Battle of Changsha.
The Führer der Unterseeboote Karl Dönitz greatly relaxes prize rules ordering the sinking without warning of merchant ships that send signals by radio and the attack on smaller Allied passenger ships. He also opens the war on French shipping.
In Moscow Molotov asks from the Estonian delegation a mutual assistance pact which would give the Soviets naval and air bases. If the Soviet Union doesn't get military bases in Estonia, it will be compelled “to use force against Estonia”.
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25 September
At the opening in Panama City of the Pan-American conference of ministers of foreign affairs the U.S. Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles asks for their support of a Patrol Zone covering the Americas.
Soviet air activity in Estonia. Soviet troops along the Estonian border include 600 tanks, 600 aircraft and 160 000 men.
26 September
Following a massive artillery bombardment, the Germans launch a major infantry assault on the centre of Warsaw.
Russian bombers seen in the Tallinn sky.
The Luftwaffe attacks the Home Fleet between Scotland and the Skaggerak with limited success; on the occasion a Dornier Do 18 is shot down by a Fleet Air Arm Blackburn Skua from the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal, making it the first German plane shot down by the British.
Hitler orders the pocket battleships Deutschland and Admiral Graf Spee to go on a long-range rampage in the Atlantic against allied shipping, the former going to the Northern Atlantic and the latter to the Southern.
The Japanese army successfully crosses the Dongting Lake, thus cutting by more than half the distance from the army’s target, the Chinese city of Changsha.
27 September: In the first military operations by the German Army in Western Europe, guns on
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the Siegfried Line open up on villages behind French Maginot line.
28 September
German–Soviet Frontier Treaty is signed by Molotov and Ribbentrop. The secret protocol specifies the details of partition of Poland originally defined in Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact (August 23, 1939) and adds Lithuania to the Soviet Union sphere of interest.
The remaining Polish army and militia in the centre of Warsaw capitulate to the Germans.
Soviet troops mass by the Latvian border. Latvian air space violated.
Estonia signs a 10-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, which allows the Soviets to have 30 000-men military bases in Estonia. As a gift in return Stalin promises to respect Estonian independence.
A new government is formed in Romania under the leadership of Prime Minister Constantin Argetoianu.
30 September: Captain Langsdorff's Admiral Graf Spee sinks its first merchant ship, the British freighter SS Clement while off the coast of Brazil.
October
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1 October
The Chinese National Revolutionary Army at Changsha begins a counteroffensive that targets the Japanese army’s overextended lines of communication.
Latvian representatives negotiate with Stalin and Molotov. Soviets threaten an occupation by force if they do not get military bases in Latvia.
2 October
The Declaration of Panama is approved by the American republics. Belligerent activities should not take place within waters adjacent to the American continent. A neutrality zone of some 300 miles (480 km) in breadth is to be patrolled by the U.S. Navy.
In the name of a yet to be put in place Czechoslovak provisional government Štefan Osuský, signs a deal with the French government for the creation of a Czechoslovak army.
3 October
British forces move to take over part of the frontier defenses manned by French troops.
Lithuanians meet Stalin and Molotov in Moscow. Stalin offers Lithuania the city of Vilnius (in Poland) in return for allowing Soviet military bases in Lithuania. The Lithuanians are reluctant.
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4 October: The French forces retreat from the Saarland in Germany, and return behind the Maginot Line.
5 October
Latvia signs a 10-year Mutual Assistance Pact with the Soviet Union, which allows the Soviets to have 25,000 men in military bases in Latvia. Stalin promises to respect Latvian independence.
Reacting to the news that German surface raiders are targeting commercial shipping, the British First Sea Lord Sir Dudley Pound orders the creation of eight hunting forces together with the French to scout the Atlantic and destroy the surface raiders.
6 October: Polish resistance in the Polish September Campaign comes to an end. Hitler speaks before the Reichstag, declaring a desire for a conference with Britain and France to restore peace.
8 October: in a major victory the Chinese army inflicts heavy losses to the Japanese at Changsha forcing them to retreat to Yueyang.
9 October
Germany issues orders (Case Yellow) to prepare for the invasion of Belgium, France, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.
The German cruiser Deutschland seizes the American freighter SS City of Flint and its crew, accusing
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"Something about WWII 1939"
DAVID FUENTES, ADRIAN ACEVEDO
A detailed chronological timeline of the major political and military events of 1939, covering the start of World War II and the early stages of the conflict across Europe and Asia.
(46 pages)
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