METHODS

Are the way to collect data. There are two types:

1. Quantitative method

2. Qualitative method

Are specific procedures to implement each method

1. Quantitative: -Structured Survey

                 -Structured Observation

                 -Testing

2. Qualitative: -Interview

                -Focus group

              -Document Analysis

              -Unestructured Observation

TECHNIQUES

Tools or instruments

Are specific form or material used to collect data

Survey - Questionnaire

Structured observation - Checklist, rating sacale

Testing - Standardized test

Interview - Interview guide, audio recorder

Focus group - focus group protocol,

                         audio recorder

Unestructured Observation - Field notes,

                                                    observation guide

Document Analysis - Document analysis template

Questionnaire construction

Q1. What should be asked? 

Q2. How should each question be phrased? Q3. In what sequence should the questions be arranged? 

Q4. What questionnaire layout will best serve the research objectives? 

Q5. How should the questionnaire be pre-tested? Does the questionnaire need to be revised?

You must consider aspects such as:

-Filter bias

-Funnel (direct) method

-Order bias

-Avoid complexity

-Avoid leading and loaded questions

-Avoid ambiguity

-Avoid doubble-barreled ittems

-Avoid making assumptions

-Avoid burdensome questions

TIPES OF SCALES:

Simple attitude scale:

A simple attitude scale measures a person’s opinion using two opposite answers, such as Yes/No or Agree/Disagree.

Category scale:

A category scale gives more response options than a simple attitude scale, making it more sensitive and providing more information.

Likert scale:

Semantic scale:

A semantic differential scale uses opposite adjectives, like good and bad, on a seven-point scale to measure attitudes, with scores ranging from +3 to -3.

Numerical scale:

A numerical scale uses numbers as response options to represent different categories or levels of opinion.

Constant sum scale:

A constant sum scale asks respondents to distribute a fixed number of points, such as 100, among different options to show their importance.

Stapel scale:

A Stapel scale uses one adjective instead of opposite adjective pairs to measure attitudes, making it easier to use while giving results similar to a semantic differential scale.

Graphic rating scale:

Graphic rating scale stressing visual communication:

A graphic rating scale uses a visual range from low to high values to measure a person’s opinion or attitude.

A stress or visual scale shows levels of feelings or satisfaction through visual communication, ranging from highly satisfied to highly dissatisfied.

VALIDITY

Refers to the accuracy of

a mesure or extent or the extent to which a score truthfully represents a concept.

RELIABILITY

INTERVIEWS

Primary data collection technique within social interaction

Interviews can obtain sensitive information but require specialized skills that are not typically necessary for questionnaires.

TYPES OF INTERVIEWS

Structured Interview: are particularly appropriate when there is a comprehensive review of the literature on the research topic.

Semi-structured Interview: Semi-structured interviews are formal and are conducted based on a guide.

Unstructured Interview: Unstructured interviews are informal data collection techniques that do not follow a specific structure.

Collecting data using primary sources

OBSERVATION:

Collects data by watching and listening to people’s behavior and interactions.

Types of observation:

Participant observation is when the researcher joins the group’s activities to study people’s behavior and reactions directly.

Non-participant observation is when the researcher only watches and listens without joining the group’s activities.