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The Embargo Act of 1807.........(6)

War of 1812 .......................   (7-8)

Louisiana Purchase.................(9)

John Marshall Supreme

 Court Decisions................(10-11)

Adams-Onis Treaty.............(12)

Monroe Doctrine................(13-14)

Art.....(18-23)

Literature....(23-28)

Architecture....(28-30)

After the American Revolutionary War, an age of 

nationalism came about our country which 

allowed us to become truly independent and the 

country we know today: America. 

In the early 1800's, Eli Whitney invented the first 

cotton gin. The invention of the cotton gin is 

considered one of the key inventions of the Industrial 

Revolution and inevitably shaped the economy of the 

South. The cotton gin caused cotton to become 

America's leading crop and increased the argument for 

slavery in the U.S. 

Embargo: an order of government prohibiting the movement merchant 

ships into or out of ports

In 1807, Congress passed the Embargo Act of 1807, signed 

by Thomas Jefferson, that stopped all trade between 

America and other countries. The goal of this act was to get 

Britain and France, who were fighting at the time, to stop 

controlling and restricting American trade. Although the 

act was unsuccessful, it was our young nation's first 

attempt at a form of foreign policy. 

In the War of 1812, or the "second war for independence", 

America took on the most powerful naval power in the 

world, Great Britain. The war of 1812 was caused mainly by 

disagreements over shipping and trade on the seas. 

Although, it ended in an American victory, the U.S. 

suffered many defeats by the British. In the end, 

Americans were able to drive back British invasions in New 

York, Baltimore, and New Orleans while boosting national 

confidence and a growing spirit of patriotism. 

In the War of 1812, America took on the naval powers of the 

greatest country in the world, Great Britain. The war was 

mainly cause by British attempts to restrict trade and 

America's desire to expand it's territory. Although, the U.S. 

suffered many defeats by the British, American troops were 

able to push back British invasions in New York, Baltimore, 

and New Orleans. These successes boosted national 

confidence and created a new spirit of patriotism in our young 

nation. 

The second war for independence was so important to 

America's development as a country because it created 

national borders between the U.S and Canada and decided 

that a large standing army should be maintained. 

The War of 1812 also inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star Spangled 

Banner"; the song that would eventually become our national anthem. 

In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the U.S. obtained 

approximately 828,000,000 square miles of territory 

from the French. This purchase doubled the size of our 

young and growing country. 

The state of Maryland imposed a heavy tax on a local branch of 

the Bank of U.S., hoping for its failure. Marshall noted that if this 

were allowed states would be overturning laws passed by 

Congress. In the end, the Chief Justice denied Maryland the right 

to tax the bank stating "the power to tax is the power to 

destroy." The case between McCulloch v. Maryland was 

important because it strengthened government economic control.

On his last night in office, President John Adams 

appointed about 40 new judges; William Marbury was 

one of them.

Thomas Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison, was supposed to 

officially present the new position to Marbury but failed to do so.  So, 

Marbury  sued in attempt to get Madison to award him his 

position. 

  In the end, the Supreme Court refuses to grant Marbury his 

position. This court case is significant because Judicial Review 

is established. Also, it acknowledged that a section of the 

Judiciary Act of 1789 ,which originally set up the federal courts, 

was unconstitutional and void. This case inevitably limited 

power of the Legislative Branch. 

Ogden owned a steamboat company and was gifted a monopoly by the state 

of New York, because of this he believed he was the only operator entitled to 

run a company like this. When Gibbons began to run a similar company and 

Ogden sued. Supremer Court then ruled that Ogden's "exclusive" right 

granted by N.Y. was not legal because it crossed state lines. This case 

clarified that Congress had authority over interstate commerce and insured 

that the federal government had power to regulate everything interstate. 

In the Adams-Onis treaty Spain gave up the Florida territory 

to the U.S. and also gave up clims to Oregon Territory. This 

treaty expanded the American frontier even farther allowing 

our country to grow even more. 

In 1823, President James Monroe warned all outside powers 

not to interfere with the affairs in the Western hemisphere. 

The Monroe Doctrine warned them not to make new colonies 

or try to overthrow newly independent republics. Monroe 

said "such actions" could prove dangerous to our peace and 

safety. The United States would not interfere in European 

affairs or with existing colonies in that hemisphere. 

President James Madison hoped to create a plan that 

would unite different regions of the country and create a 

strong, stable economy that would make America a self-

efficient country. The plan needed to fulfill 3 major points:

1. Developing transportation and internal improvement

2. Establishing a protective tariff

3. Resurrecting the National Bank

This is when Henry Clay proposed the "American System" His 

system would unite the nations economic interests. The 

increasingly industrial North produced manufactured goods 

that farmers in the South would buy while the South produced 

wheat, grain, meat and cotton need in the North.

 Clay's system also included a nationally accepted currency. 

With each part of the country sustaining each other, Americans were 

finally economically independent of Britain and other European 

nations. America was finally self sufficient.

A map of the roads created in Henry Clay's American System

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