EVALUATION OF THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES IN TERMS OF SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

Dr. Pelin Gençoğlu

pgencoglu@erciyes.edu.tr

(Hasan KARABACAK - Turkey )

Climate change refers to the change that occurred as a result of many years from the average climate situation in a regional or global scale.

This change occurs in atmospheric events. The main reason for this is; Increasing the greenhouse effect of human activities causes global warming.

Climate change; cooperation with global warming. The cause of global warming is; is the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is the increase of the temperature value of the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere on the earth.

Climate change that occurs due to global warming causes social and economic problems, especially the environment. One of the areas where this effect is seen is water resources. The availability and continuity of water resources has a very important place in keeping living things alive. For this reason, studies for the protection of water resources are very important.

The water in the world is in constant motion. There is a water cycle. That; Available in solid, liquid, gaseous form. Climate change affects the water cycle negatively. Drought, famine, floods, decreased snowfall are the negative effects of climate change on the water cycle. As global warming increases, water demand will increase. This will cause water scarcity.

climate change has caused the reduction of water resources.

Glaciers continue to melt.

Water temperature increases due to climate change.

There are global water demands.

The amount of flood to global warming is constantly increasing.

The most important cause of climate change is fossil fuels in particular. Water and therefore water resources are vital in order to survive. The impact of climate change on water resources manifests itself through precipitation.

Elements that determine the water resources of a country; surface runoff, underground runoff, precipitation and evaporation.

In the research conducted in 30 European member countries and candidate countries, the problems of countries with the same climate are the same. This indicates that countries with the same climate are similar in terms of water resources.

Depending on global warming; climate change;

causes many negative effects on the environment. These disadvantages:

The main problems arise from the thinning of the ozone layer, urban and regional air pollution, desertification, deterioration of soil quality, decreased food production, decreased biological diversity, decreased forests, epidemic viruses, decreased water resources.

Hasan KARABACAK

Turkey

CORONAVIRUS

 Gloria Borda Romero - Spain

CLEAN YOUR HANDS FREQUENTLY

• IF THERE IS NO SOAP OR WATER, WASH YOUR HANDS WITH DISINFECTANT OR ALCOHOL
•  WASH YOUR HANDS VERY OFTEN AND FOR 20 SECONDS
• DO NOT TOUCH OR HANDS, NOSE, OR MOUTH WITHOUT BEFORE WASHING YOUR HANDS

AVOID CLOSE CONTACT

• AVOID CLOSE CONTACT WITH PEOPLE (1-2 METERS)

IF YOU ARE SICK STAY AT HOME

IF YOU ARE SICK STAY AT HOME,

EXCEPT FOR HEALTH CARE

COVER YOUR MOUTH WHEN YOU COUGH AND SNEEZE

• WHEN YOU COUGH OR SNEEZE, COVER YOUR MOUTH WITH A HANDKERCHIEF
• DISPOSE OF USED TISSUES IMMEDIATELY IN THE BIN.

THEN WASH YOUR HANDS

WEAR A MASK IF YOU ARE ILL

• IF YOU AREN’T SICK, YOU DON’T NEED IT

CLEAN AND DISINFECT

• CLEAN AND DISINFECT SURFACES THAT ARE TOUCHED FREQUENTLY EVERY DAY

Gloria Borda Romero - Spain 

DEAR PATIENT: (Gloria Borda Romero - Spain )

Delightedtogreetyou. I don'tknowwhoyou are orwhatyournameis. However, I havetriedtoputyourself in your place when I am writingthisletter. I knowthatyou are in a difficultsituation, thatthedays are difficult. I guessyou're in the hospital bednow. I empathizewithyoubecause, regardless of whoyou are, I am clearthatyou are holding on, thatyou are gutting and thatyou are fighting.

I sendyouallthestrength.

Mynameis Arturo, I am 14 yearsold and I am studying at the Carolina Coronado in Almendralejo, the 3ESO course. Also, untilrecently, I was at schoolgivingclassesnormally, butduetothissituation of theAlarmedState, I am at home.

As youknow, I am quarantining. Peoplelikeyou are theoneswhogiveusthestrengthto do itrigorously. Wewill do itonthedaysthatittakes. Youshouldknowthatthere are manyawarepeople. This time, wehaveagreedtohelp. I eventhinkthatsome of us are more excitedthanbefore, seeing so manyunited so thatweallgetahead.

Itisnotjust me whoiswritingthislettertoyou. Nor are theyjusttheoneswholoveyou. Evenifyoudon'tseeus, there are many of uswhosupportyou. In theselines I sendyouthestrength of anentiresociety. Rememberthisforthenextfewdays.

Whenyouleavethe hospital and when I leavemyhouse, wewillseethatthis has servedtoboostsolidarity, forexample.

Toverifythat individual acts, withlittleeffort, can benefitothers. We can harborthat hope and giveitcontinuity.

I stay at home thedaysittakes.

Ifyou are in the hospital, I am at home.

Ifyoufight, weall endure.

Ifyou can, how can I not?

Courage and a lot of strength

Gloria Borda Romero - Spain

Global warming of 1.5°C

Francesca Martini - Italy

Global Warming of 1.5°C An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty 

Please use the following reference to the whole report: IPCC, 2018: Global Warming of 1.5°C.An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, H.-O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma-Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J.B.R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M.I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, and T. Waterfield (eds.)]. In Press. ii © 2019 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 

Projected Climate Change, Potential Impacts and Associated Risks

Evidence from attributed changes in some climate and weather extremes for a global warming of about 0.5°C supports the assessment that an additional 0.5°C of warming compared to present is associated with further detectable changes in these extremes (medium confidence).

Several regional changes in climate are assessed to occur with global warming up to 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels, including warming of extreme temperatures in many regions (high confidence), increases in frequency, intensity, and/or amount of heavy precipitation in several regions (high confidence), and an increase in intensity or frequency of droughts in some regions 

Human influence on climate has been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century, while global average surface temperature warmed by 0.85°C between 1880 and 2012, as reported in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, or AR5 (IPCC, 2013b).

Many regions of the world have already greater regional-scale warming, with 20–40% of the global population (depending on the temperature dataset used) having experienced over 1.5°C of warming in at least one season (Figure 1.1; Chapter 3 Section 3.3.2.1).

1.5ºC rather than 2ºC or higher. Every bit of warming matters. And it shows that limiting warming to 1.5ºC can go hand in hand with achieving other global goals such as the Sustainable Development Agenda. Every year matters and every choice matters.

This Special Report also shows that recent trends in emissions and the level of international ambition indicated by nationally determined contributions, within the Paris Agreement, deviate from a track consistent with limiting warming to well below 2°C. Without increased and urgent mitigation ambition in the coming years, leading to a sharp decline in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030,

global warming will surpass 1.5°C in the following decades, leading to irreversible loss of the most fragile ecosystems, and crisis after crisis for the most vulnerable people and societies.

Summary by

Francesca Martini - Italy