Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2.Types of Discrimination

Racial and Ethnic Discrimination

Gender Discrimination

Disability-Based Discrimination

Age-Based Discrimination

Social Inequality

Religious Discrimination

3.Anti-Discrimination Laws by Country

Turkey

Greece

Italy

Portugal

Moldova

4.Conclusion

1. Introduction

Welcome to the magazine of the Empathy and Social Equity Project. 

This magazine aims to highlight the different types of discrimination faced 

by individuals around the world and provide a summary of the laws in place to combat these injustices in the participating countries.

2. Types of Discrimination

Racial and ethnic discrimination occurs when individuals are treated unfairly because of their race or ethnicity. This can manifest in various aspects of life, including employment, education, and access to services.

Gender discrimination involves treating individuals unfairly based on their gender. It often affects women and non-binary individuals and includes issues such as wage gaps, lack of representation, and gender-based violence.

Disability-based discrimination refers to unfair treatment of individuals because of their disabilities. This can include physical, mental, or sensory disabilities and can impact employment, education, and accessibility.

Age-based discrimination, or ageism, involves unfair treatment of individuals based on their age. This can affect both older adults and younger people and is often seen in the workplace and healthcare.

Social inequality involves disparities in wealth, education, and opportunities based on social class. This type of discrimination can perpetuate cycles of poverty and limit social mobility.

Religious discrimination occurs when individuals are treated unfairly because of their religious beliefs. This can affect employment, education, and the ability to practice one’s religion freely.

3. Anti-Discrimination Laws by Country

Türkiye

Turkish Human Rights and Equality Institution Law (2016): Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, religion, language, gender and other personal characteristics.

Turkish Penal Code (2004): Contains provisions against hate speech and discrimination.

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): Turkey is a party to this international agreement and has the obligation to prevent discrimination against women.

Law on Disabled People (2005): Protects the rights of disabled people and prevents discrimination.

Convention on the Rights of the Child: Prohibits discrimination against children and protects children's rights.

Greece

Law 4443/2016: Addresses discrimination in employment and workplace on the basis of race, colour, national or ethnic origin, descent, religion, disability, age, sexual orientation and gender identity.

Greek Constitution: Articles 4 and 5 guarantee equality before the law and the right to free development of the personality.

Law 3896/2010: Addresses gender equality and gender-based discrimination in the workplace.

Law 3304/2005: Prohibits discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race, religion or belief.

Italy

Legislative Decree No. 216/2003: Implements EU directives on equal treatment in employment and professions.

Italian Constitution: Article 3 provides equality before the law and prohibits discrimination.

Law No. 67/2006: Contains provisions to prevent discrimination against disabled people.

Law No. 215/2003: Promotes equality between men and women in the workplace.

Portugal

Portuguese Constitution: Articles 13 and 19 guarantee equality and prohibit discrimination on the basis of race, sex and religion.

Law No. 93/2017: Establishes the legal framework to prevent discrimination in employment.

Law No. 9/2009: Protects the rights of ethnic minorities and immigrants.

Law No. 85/2009: Ensures that people with disabilities have equal opportunities in education and employment.

Moldova

Ensuring Equality Act (2012): Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, religion, disability, age and gender.

Moldovan Constitution: Article 16 guarantees equality and prohibits discrimination.

Disability Rights Law (2012): Protects the rights of disabled people and prevents discrimination.

Law No. 64/2010: Addresses gender equality and gender-based discrimination in the workplace.

So, what happens in case of 

violation 

of these laws?

Türkiye

Criminal and Legal Sanctions:

Turkish Penal Code: Those who commit discrimination may be punished with imprisonment and judicial fines.

Administrative Fines: Turkish Human Rights and Equality Institution may impose administrative fines in case of detection of discrimination.

Compensation Cases: People who have been discriminated against can file a lawsuit in civil courts for compensation for their material and moral damages.

Greece

Criminal and Legal Sanctions:

Criminal Code: People who discriminate on the basis of race, religion, gender or other grounds may receive prison sentences and fines.

Administrative Sanctions: Various public institutions and the Greek Ombudsman monitor cases of discrimination and may impose administrative sanctions for violations.

Compensation Cases: Those who are exposed to discrimination can file compensation cases to compensate for the damage.

Educational Programs: In some cases, people who discriminate may be required to participate in awareness-raising educational programs.

Italy

Criminal and Legal Sanctions:

Criminal Code: Discrimination and hate crimes are punishable by imprisonment and fines.

Administrative Sanctions: Various government agencies may monitor cases of discrimination and impose administrative penalties.

Compensation Cases: Individuals who are discriminated against can claim material and moral compensation through legal processes.

Dismissal: Employees who discriminate may be dismissed.

Portugal

Criminal and Legal Sanctions:

Penal Code: Discrimination crimes are punishable by imprisonment and fines.

Administrative Sanctions: If discrimination is detected, competent authorities may impose administrative fines and other sanctions.

Compensation Cases: Victims of discrimination can claim damages by filing a compensation case in the courts.

Public Condemnation: Social sanctions can be imposed through public condemnation and stigmatization.

Moldova

Criminal and Legal Sanctions:

Penal Code: Those who commit discrimination crimes may receive imprisonment and fines.

Administrative Sanctions: The Equality Council monitors cases of discrimination and may impose administrative fines.

Compensation Cases: Victims of discrimination can demand compensation for their material and moral damages through legal means.

Education and Rehabilitation Programs: People who discriminate may be required to participate in education and awareness programs.